Rasulullah S.A.W PERNAH SEBUT TENTANG ARMADA TENTERA LAUT DI ZAMAN BAGINDA

باب ركوب البحر
2737 حدثنا أبو النعمان حدثنا حماد بن زيد عن يحيى عن محمد بن يحيى بن حبان عن أنس بن مالك رضي الله عنه قال حدثتني أم حرام أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال يوما في بيتها فاستيقظ وهو يضحك قالت يا رسول الله ما يضحكك قال عجبت من قوم من أمتي يركبون البحر كالملوك على الأسرة فقلت يا رسول الله ادع الله أن يجعلني منهم فقال أنت منهم ثم نام فاستيقظ وهو يضحك فقال مثل ذلك مرتين أو ثلاثا قلت يا رسول الله ادع الله أن يجعلني منهم فيقول أنت من الأولين فتزوج بهاعبادة بن الصامت فخرج بها إلى الغزو فلما رجعت قربت دابة لتركبها فوقعت فاندقت عنقها

Nabi Muhammad yang baring di ruang tamu tidak lama kemudian tertidur. Ummu Haram, Ummu Sulaim dan Anas berbual perlahan supaya tidak mengganggu baginda yang sedang tidur. Selepas beberapa ketika berlalu, Nabi Muhammad terjaga dari tidurnya dan tersenyum sendirian.

“Mengapa kamu tersenyum,” tanya Ummu Haram dalam kehairanan.

“Beberapa orang dari umat Islam menawarkan diri berperang di jalan Allah. Mereka menaiki kapal merentas lautan menuju ke arah raja-raja yang zalim,” jawab Nabi Muhammad sambil memandang wajah Ummu Haram.

“Ya Rasulullah, doakan saya semoga termasuk di antara golongan itu,” pinta Ummu Haram yang bercita-cita supaya dapat menyertai peperangan bersama pasukan tentera Islam menyeberang lautan bagi menyebarkan agama Islam pada suatu hari nanti.

“Baiklah,” balas Nabi SAW lalu mendoakan Ummu Haram. Kemudian, Rasulullah berbaring dan menyambung semula tidurnya.

Beberapa ketika kemudian, Nabi SAW bangkit dari tidurnya dan tertawa. Ummu Haram yang hairan dengan kelakuan baginda bertanya, “Ya Rasulullah, mengapa kamu ketawa”.

“Sekumpulan umat Islam diperlihatkan kepada saya seketika mereka berperang menentang pihak musuh Islam seperti raja bagi pasukannya,” jawab Nabi Muhammad.

“Ya Rasulullah, doakan agar saya termasuk dalam golongan itu,” mohon Ummu Haram.

“Kamu termasuk golongan yang pertama dari kalangan mereka,” jawab Nabi Muhammad.

Peristiwa yang dikatakan oleh Nabi Muhammad berlaku pada era pemerintahan Khalifah Usman bin Affan. Pada ketika itu, penaklukan bandar-bandar musuh Islam berlaku dengan rancak.

Ketika Usman ditabalkan sebagai Khalifah, Muawiyah Abu Sufian yang ketika itu menjadi Gabenor Syria mencadangkan pembentukan pasukan armada laut bagi menentang Empayar Byzantine (Rom).

Ekspedisi armada laut Muawiyah dibantu dengan sebuah kapal perang yang diketuai oleh Abdullah bin Abu Sarah dari Mesir.

Kedua kapal angkatan tentera laut Islam mula belayar menuju ke pulau Cyprus bagi bertempur pasukan tentera Byzantine yang berpangkalan di pulau itu.

“Tercapai juga cita-cita saya untuk berjihad di jalan Allah merentas lautan. Permintaan saya yang telah didoakan oleh Rasulullah telah dimakbulkan oleh Allah,” bisik hati Ummu Haram yang berdebar-debar berdiri di atas dek kapal.

Al-Imam al-Bukhari meriwayatkan di dalam kitab Shahihnya – hadis no: 2924 bahawa Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam bersabda:

“Pasukan pertama daripada kalangan umatku yang berperang di laut, telah dipastikan bagi mereka (tempat di syurga).”

Fakta sejarah mencatitkan bahawa armada laut yang pertama bagi umat Islam dipimpin oleh Muawiyah pada zaman pemerintahan Amirul Mukminin Usman ibn Affan radhiallahu 'anh.

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Metod Asas Pembelajaran Manusia

Firman Allah :

"Dan Allah mengeluarkan kamu dari perut ibu kamu dengan keadaan tidak mengetahui sesuatupun; dan dia mengurniakan kepada kamu pendengaran dan penglihatan serta hati (akal fikiran); supaya kamu bersyukur."

(Surah Al-Nahl 16:78)

Berdasarkan ayat di atas, manusia memulakan proses pembelajarannya melalui kaedah pendengaran, kemudian melalui proses melihat seterusnya menggunakan akal untuk menaakul dan berfikir. Oleh itu, pembelajaran manusia bermula apabila manusia itu mampu untuk mendengar.

Jika diletakkan dalam bentuk situasi :

1. Manusia boleh mendengar sejak berada di alam rahim lagi. Jadi, permulaan untuk mengajar anak-anak dengan ayat-ayat Allah dan hikmah bermula ketika bayi di dalam kandungan.

Rujukan : http://www.birthpsychology.com/lifebefore/fetalsense.html

Listening and Hearing

Although a concentric series of barriers buffer the fetus from the outside world--amniotic fluid, embryonic membranes, uterus, and the maternal abdomen--the fetus lives in a stimulating matrix of sound, vibration, and motion. Many studies now confirm that voices reach the womb, rather than being overwhelmed by the background noise created by the mother and placenta. Intonation patterns of pitch, stress, and rhythm, as well as music, reach the fetus without significant distortion. A mother's voice is particularly powerful because it is transmitted to the womb through her own body reaching the fetus in a stronger form than outside sounds. For a comprehensive review of fetal audition, see Busnel, Granier-Deferre, and Lecanuet 1992.

Sounds have a surprising impact upon the fetal heart rate: a five second stimulus can cause changes in heart rate and movement which last up to an hour. Some musical sounds can cause changes in metabolism. "Brahm's Lullabye," for example, played six times a day for five minutes in a premature baby nursery produced faster weight gain than voice sounds played on the same schedule (Chapman, 1975).

Researchers in Belfast have demonstrated that reactive listening begins at 16 weeks g.a., two months sooner than other types of measurements indicated. Working with 400 fetuses, researchers in Belfast beamed a pure pulse sound at 250-500 Hz and found behavioral responses at 16 weeks g.a.--clearly seen via ultrasound (Shahidullah and Hepper, 1992). This is especially significant because reactive listening begins eight weeks before the ear is structurally complete at about 24 weeks.

These findings indicate the complexity of hearing, lending support to the idea that receptive hearing begins with the skin and skeletal framework, skin being a multireceptor organ integrating input from vibrations, thermo receptors, and pain receptors. This primal listening system is then amplified with vestibular and cochlear information as it becomes available. With responsive listening proven at 16 weeks, hearing is clearly a major information channel operating for about 24 weeks before birth.

2. Penglihatan manusia yang normal berkembang pesat sejurus selepas dilahirkan. Melalui penglihatan, banyak perkara boleh dipelajari oleh manusia. Dengan penglihatan juga, manusia boleh membuktikan apa yang didengar serta mengambil iktibar terhadap apa yang berlaku.

3. Fungsi akal fikiran (hati) terbentuk melalui data-data dari didikan, pendengaran, penglihatan, sentuhan dan pengalaman yang diperolehi. Minda kanak-kanak umpama 'span' kering yang mampu menyerap air dengan cepat. Segala maklumat yang diperolehi dari pembelajaran dunianya akan disimpan dalam memori fikiran. Data-data ini akan disimpan sehingga mereka mencapai ke tahap mind control iaitu mumayyiz di mana mereka boleh membezakan antara yang bersih dan yang kotor, yang baik dan yang buruk. Pemikiran manusia terus diperkasa dengan input yang diperolehi hingga mereka mencapai tahap akil baligh atau kesampaian akal. Di tahap akil baligh ini, seseorang individu itu mampu berfikir dalam 4 dimensi holistik insan iaitu spiritual, akal, emosi dan jasmani seterusnya membina kematangan dalam menjalani kehidupan.

Modes of Persuasion

The modes of persuasion are devices in rhetoric that classify the speaker's appeal to the audience. They are: ethos, pathos and logos.

Aristotle's On Rhetoric describes the modes of persuasion thus:
Persuasion is clearly a sort of demonstration, since we are most fully persuaded when we consider a thing to have been demonstrated.

Of the modes of persuasion furnished by the spoken word there are three kinds. [...] Persuasion is achieved by the speaker's personal character when the speech is so spoken as to make us think him credible. [...] Secondly, persuasion may come through the hearers, when the speech stirs their emotions. [...] Thirdly, persuasion is effected through the speech itself when we have proved a truth or an apparent truth by means of the persuasive arguments suitable to the case in question.

Ethos

Ethos (plural: ethe) is an appeal to the authority or honesty of the speaker. It is how well the speaker convinces the audience that he or she is qualified to speak on the particular subject. It can be done in many ways:
By being a notable figure in the field in question, such as a college professor or an executive of a company whose business is that of the subject.
By having a vested interest in a matter, such as the person being related to the subject in question.
By using impressive logos that shows to the audience that the speaker is knowledgeable on the topic.
By appealing to a person's ethics or character.

Pathos

Pathos (plural: patha or pathea) is an appeal to the audience’s emotions. It can be in the form of metaphor, simile, a passionate delivery, or even a simple claim that a matter is unjust. Pathos can be particularly powerful if used well, but most speeches do not solely rely on pathos. Pathos is most effective when the author connects with an underlying value of the reader.

In addition, the speaker may use pathos to appeal to fear, in order to sway the audience.

Logos

Logos (plural: logoi) is logical appeal or the simulation of it, and the term logic is derived from it. It is normally used to describe facts and figures that support the speaker's topic. Having a logos appeal also enhances ethos (see above) because information makes the speaker look knowledgeable and prepared to his or her audience. However, data can be confusing and thus confuse the audience. Logos can also be misleading or inaccurate.

The Human Brain

Men and Women Think Differently - This is Good

By : Marcia Reynolds

There is a physiological difference in the brain that affects how we focus, solve problems, and even how we worry. The corpus callosum is a structure of the brain that connects and facilitates communication between the two hemispheres. Many studies claim that women have a larger corpus callosum than men. Let me describe two ways this difference shows up in the workplace. You can then decide if the studies can be substantiated by our behavior.*

1. Women multitask better than men. Men focus better than women. This affects how we process and communicate our ideas and plans.

In my last job I was responsible for changing the culture of a corporation. When presenting to an all-male leadership team, if I lost my focus to my passion, their eyes rolled into the backs of their heads. I knew I was connecting the past, present and future behavior with the effect on each of the departments before getting to the bottom line. They wanted a linear outline with a clear result and budget. I needed to tone it down and lay out my ideas concisely and clearly in order to be heard.

However, there were a few leaders who acknowledged my ability to see how a corporate action would affect all the people now and in the future. They acknowledged that their tendencies to focus on detail and fiscal results led to disconnection to other parts in the system. Although we had many frustrating debates in the process, the programs I developed with these men led the company going from bankruptcy to the top IPO in 1993 in a span of three years.

As companies finally open the doors to higher-ranking positions for women (through quotas or just good sense), we should honor our brain differences and strengths. And because we now know that the brain has plasticity, meaning it can change and grow, we should look to adapt when we can.

• Women, there are times when giving 100 percent to the task at hand is better than doing or thinking about ten things at once. Sometimes your brain resembles an iPod set to shuffle. You can focus on one album at a time with practice.



• Men, let go of the need to know based on a locked-in point of view. Be more curious about how fragments interconnect and how people are affected by your actions. If you do, you will get even better returns on your investments.


2. Men and women worry differently.

"You worry too much" is a phrase women often hear from men. Yet recent studies using new imaging techniques indicate that women DO NOT worry more than men. They just worry differently.

When women worry, they tend to use both the right and left side of their brains. Again, this may be due to the increase in size of the corpus callosum. Men tend to stay within the left hemisphere, the analytical side of the brain.

Dr. Vesna Pirec, a psychiatrist at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago says, "With both hemispheres activated in women, there are many more types of emotional reactions. And women, in times of stress, also tend to remember many more details than men would." Men, have you ever tried to argue with a woman over "what really happened" about a past event? If the event involved what people did or said, it's likely the woman's recollections are more correct.

Women also express their worries differently. They have a greater tendency to brood about the present effects of the problem on everyone involved and on how the problem will affect their security and relationships in the future. Since they tend to verbally process what they think about more than men (meaning they talk things through instead of working things through in their minds), they talk more about their worries than men. Men may also tend to keep quiet about their concerns for fear of appearing weak.

Regardless of our differences, listening to how we worry can be beneficial.

• Women should write their worries on paper then ask themselves some substantial questions: What is the worst that could happen? How likely is the worst to happen, really? What do you know to be true right now? What actions are possible based on what you know to be true? What is in your control to change? Can you focus on what is in your control instead of what is not or what has yet to happen?



By talking with your brain, you can assess the true level of risk and make better choices for yourself. With awareness, you can distinguish what is a real threat from when your brain is being overprotective.

• Men, before you jump in to solve a problem, ask a woman who has had experience with similar issues what to consider, and then patiently listen to all the angles she presents. You can also ask a man. The more perspective you have, the better your solutions.

Let's celebrate our differences; we need to count on each others' strengths for success.

PS You may argue that this difference is a part of upbringing and not biology. Whatever the source, we can still value our differences and appreciate that we don't all think alike.

Excerpted from : http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marcia-reynolds/men-and-women-think-diffe_b_517277.html

Marcia Reynolds, PsyD is an organizational psychologist with a research emphasis neuropsychology. Read more at www.outsmartyourbrain.com and contact her directly for a list of research sources.

10 Big Differences Between Men’s and Women’s Brains

The differences between women and men are not only well-documented, but frequently at the heart of jokes, anecdotes, and good-natured (and not so good-natured) ribbing. Experts have discovered that there are actually differences in the way women’s and men’s brains are structured and in the way they react to events and stimuli. So the next time your wife, friend, or parent starts telling you how you should have done something differently, then refer back to these big differences between men’s and women’s brains.

1. Human relationships. Women tend to communicate more effectively than men, focusing on how to create a solution that works for the group, talking through issues, and utilizes non-verbal cues such as tone, emotion, and empathy whereas men tend to be more task-oriented, less talkative, and more isolated. Men have a more difficult time understanding emotions that are not explicitly verbalized, while women tend to intuit emotions and emotional cues. These differences explain why men and women sometimes have difficulty communicating and why men-to-men friendships look different from friendships among women.

2. Left brain vs. both hemispheres. Men tend to process better in the left hemisphere of the brain while women tend to process equally well between the two hemispheres. This difference explains why men are generally stronger with left-brain activities and approach problem-solving from a task-oriented perspective while women typically solve problems more creatively and are more aware of feelings while communicating.

3. Mathematical abilities. An area of the brain called the inferior-parietal lobule (IPL) is typically significantly larger in men, especially on the left side, than in women. This section of the brain is thought to control mental mathematical ability, and probably explains why men frequently perform higher in mathematical tasks than do women. Interestingly, this is the same area of Einstein’s brain that was discovered to be abnormally large. The IPL also processes sensory information, and the larger right side in women allows them to focus on, "specific stimuli, such as a baby crying in the night."

4. Reaction to stress. Men tend to have a "fight or flight" response to stress situations while women seem to approach these situations with a "tend and befriend" strategy. Psychologist Shelley E. Taylor coined the phrase "tend and befriend" after recognizing that during times of stress women take care of themselves and their children (tending) and form strong group bonds (befriending). The reason for these different reactions to stress is rooted in hormones. The hormone oxytocin is released during stress in everyone. However, estrogen tends to enhance oxytocin resulting in calming and nurturing feelings whereas testosterone, which men produce in high levels during stress, reduces the effects of oxytocin.

5. Language. Two sections of the brain responsible for language were found to be larger in women than in men, indicating one reason that women typically excel in language-based subjects and in language-associated thinking. Additionally, men typically only process language in their dominant hemisphere, whereas women process language in both hemispheres. This difference offers a bit of protection in case of a stroke. Women may be able to recover more fully from a stroke affecting the language areas in the brain while men may not have this same advantage.

6. Emotions. Women typically have a larger deep limbic system than men, which allows them to be more in touch with their feelings and better able to express them, which promotes bonding with others. Because of this ability to connect, more women serve as caregivers for children. The down side to this larger deep limbic system is that it also opens women up to depression, especially during times of hormonal shifts such as after childbirth or during a woman’s menstrual cycle.

7. Brain size. Typically, men’s brains are 11-12% bigger than women’s brains. This size difference has absolutely nothing to do with intelligence, but is explained by the difference in physical size between men and women. Men need more neurons to control their greater muscle mass and larger body size, thus generally have a larger brain.

8. Pain. Men and women perceive pain differently. In studies, women require more morphine than men to reach the same level of pain reduction. Women are also more likely to vocalize their pain and to seek treatment for their pain than are men. The area of the brain that is activated during pain is the amygdala, and researchers have discovered that in men, the right amygdala is activated and in women, the left amygdala is activated. The right amygdala has more connections with areas of the brain that control external functions while the right amygdala has more connections with internal functions. This difference probably explains why women perceive pain more intensely than do men.

9. Spatial ability. Men typically have stronger spatial abilities, or being able to mentally represent a shape and its dynamics, whereas women typically struggle in this area. Medical experts have discovered that women have a thicker parietal region of the brain, which hinders the ability to mentally rotate objects–an aspect of spatial ability. Research has shown this ability in babies as young as 5 months old, negating any ideas that these abilities were strengthened by environmental influences.

10. Susceptibility to disorders. Because of the way men and women use the two hemispheres of the brain differently, there are some disorders that men and women are susceptible to in different ways. Men are more apt to have dyslexia or other language problems. If women have dyslexia, they are more likely to compensate for it. Women, on the other hand, are more susceptible to mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. While handedness is not a disorder, these brain tendencies also explain why more men are left-handed than are women. Men are also more likely to be diagnosed with autism, ADHD, and Tourette’s Syndrome.

By Amber Hensley
Excerpted from : http://www.mastersofhealthcare.com/blog/2009/10-big-differences-between-mens-and-womens-brains/

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A Man Of Determination

Lifestyle Changes For More Effective Stress Management

Stress is a fact of everyday life. It is associated with happy events (weddings, promotions, and vacations) as well as unhappy ones (divorces, burglaries, and job layoffs). It can be triggered by trivial matters (burned toast or a missing button) as well as by major life crises (births and deaths). It also builds up gradually when you have more things to do than time in which to do them.
Too much stress leads to chronic headaches, high blood pressure, ulcers, heart disease and other health problems. In fact, some doctors believe that 90 percent of all illnesses are stress related. But stress is not necessarily bad. A life without it would be stagnant and boring. Some people encounter more stressful events than others, but the way we perceive and react to stress is often more significant than the amount we face. And the accumulation of minor hassles (long lines, wrong numbers and surly salesclerks) can be just as stressful to some people as a mugging or a serious illness.
There is no need for anyone to suffer from the kind of stress overload that result in health problems. There are many practical ways to avoid, reduce or relive stress.

Learn to Plan: Disorganization can breed stress. Having too many projects going simultaneously can cause tension, confusion, forgetfulness and feelings of being overwhelmed. Planning and prioritizing make things more manageable and can give us a sense of peace and personal power.

Recognize and Accept Limits: Unreasonable and perfectionist goals for yourself can also cause stress. Nobody is perfect. Don’t set yourself up for a sense of failure or inadequacy no matter how well you perform. Set achievable goals for yourself.

Embrace the Positive: Avoid a negative, complaining, critical, fearful mindset. Learn to praise the things you like in others. Practice an "attitude of gratitude" in assessing your life. Notice and reward yourself for your good qualities and for even small improvements.
Have Fun: You need to occasionally to escape from the pressures of life. Find a pastime whish is absorbing and enjoyable to you.

Learn to Tolerate and Forgive: Intolerance of others leads to frustration and anger. Engaging in rigid, black or white thinking about the way things "should" be can cause harmful, fatiguing emotions. Flexibility, acceptance, and finding the gray area can reduce stress and increase serenity.

Avoid Unnecessary Competition: A competitive, win-lose orientation that makes life into a series of contests tends to put your self esteem on the line in every situation and can create excessive tension and anxiety. It can, also make you unnecessarily aggressive.

Exercise: Regular physical exercise not only gives you more strength and energy to deal with life's demands but also helps release a myriad of emotions such as anger, tension, and depression. You will be more likely to stay with an exercise program if you choose one that you really enjoy, rather than one that is hard work and drudgery.

Learn a Drug-Free Method of Relaxing: Meditation, visualization, progressive relaxation, yoga, tai chi, massage, etc. are ways of quieting the mind and relaxing the body. A little bit goes a long way especially if you incorporate this into to your daily life.

Express Your Feelings: Talk out your troubles, worries, concerns with a friend, counselor, or anyone you trust. If you do not feel that you can confide in anyone, write in a personal journal. Expressing your bottled-up tension can be very freeing.

Excerpted from : Woman's Day by Rebecca E. Greer

The Beauty Of A Woman - Beauty Tips

For attractive lips,

Speak words of kindness.

For lovely eyes,
Seek out the good in people.

For a slim figure,
Share your food with the hungry.

For beautiful hair,
Let a child run his or her fingers through it once a day.

For poise,
Walk with the knowledge that you will never walk alone.


People, even more than things, have to be restored, renewed, revived,
reclaimed, and redeemed;

Never throw out anybody.
Remember, If you ever need a helping hand, you'll find one at the end of your arm.


As you grow older, you will discover that you have two hands, one for helping yourself, the other for helping others.

The beauty of a woman is not in the clothes she wears,
The figure that she carries, or the way she combs her hair.

The beauty of a woman must be seen from in her eyes,
Because that is the doorway to her heart, the place where love resides.

The beauty of a woman is not in a facial mole,
But true beauty in a woman is reflected in her soul.

It is the caring that she lovingly gives, the passion that she shows.
And the beauty of a woman, with passing years, only grows!